C.G. Jung

​Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology, a comprehensive theory of the psyche that diverged from Freud’s psychoanalysis by emphasizing the collective unconscious—a deeper layer of universal, inherited psychic structures he called archetypes, such as the Self, Shadow, Anima/Animus, and Persona. He pioneered concepts like individuation, the lifelong process of psychological integration and wholeness; synchronicity, meaningful coincidences; and psychological types, which introduced the introvert/extrovert distinction and laid groundwork for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Jung’s work drew deeply from comparative mythology, religion, alchemy, and cross-cultural symbolism, shaping not only clinical psychology but also literature, art, and spirituality, and it continues to influence modern thought on personal development, creativity, and the interface between science and the sacred.